What defines Sin, Transgression, Morality, and Righteousness?

For the Christians who think it is fine to do whatever they wish so long as "the Holy Spirit" gives them some vague "peace" about their actions:

1 John 3:4  Whosoever commits sin transgresses also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law.

For a Jew living in the 1st Century AD, what word did he in all probability actually say in his native language (i.e., Hebrew) and culture when he said the word translated in English as "Law" in the above passage?

No other passages really need to be referenced, but for further confirmations sake, lets connect a few dots:

Deuteronomy 32:45-47
(45)  And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:
(46)  And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this Torah.
(47)  For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.

Proverbs 6:23 "For the commandment is a lamp and the teaching [Torah] is
LIGHT; And reproofs for discipline are the way of life"

Related:

• Etymology of the word "Torah"
• Is the Torah TOO Hard for us to Keep?
• For a Tree is Known by its Fruit
• Are Gentile Christians "required" to walk in Torah?
• Hebrew Yeshua vs Greek Jesus

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