Things to Know and Consider First
The hypotheses below will be modified as more knowledge is obtained and after the many points receive criticism from various fields of study. The haplogroup letter designations may also change periodically by the leading Population Geneticists.
Use the following visual aids when needed: FamilyTreeDNA's Haplogroup Migration Map and Haplogroup Map of the World.
- If the Hebrew Scriptures can be trusted, there should be evidence of a world-wide flood event (see Scientific Evidence for a Worldwide Flood). It has been postulated that mankind survived a bottleneck in the semi-recent past, and though the Scientific Establishment doesn't attribute this bottleneck to the Great Flood recorded in the Scriptures (Genesis 6), we should be able to trust the world-wide flood event as a historical reality, NOT as a partial fact and NOT as a myth (see Can the Bible be trusted as an instrument of History?).
- If there was a world-wide flood as described by the scriptures, all of humanity presently on Earth are descended from Noah's three sons (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) and their three wives, thus, all males today can trace their Y-chromosomal DNA back to Noah, while the Mitochondrial DNA introduced by the four women of the group was not constricted at Noah in the same way as with the Y-chromosome of the men, hence women can claim some genetic origin that bypassed Noah, unlike men (this may partially explain why Mitochondrial Eve has been dated more than twice as old as Y Chromosomal Adam).
- If the Biblical world-wide flood occurred, then the hypothesized Y-chromosomal Adam is actually the Y-Chromosomal Noah.
- If Radiometric and radiocarbon (Carbon-14) dating is not reliable, then the official haplogroup origination estimations (i.e. tens of thousands of years ago) should be considered with keen scrutiny and/or rejected outright. See Radio-Carbon Dating, scientific idiocy.
Finding Northern Kingdom Israelites by Identifying the Haplogroups of Modern Descendants of Parthian-Saka-Scythian-related Peoples
- If the Creator of the Universe is NOT a liar, then His promise of a "multitude of nations" to Abraham (Genesis 17:5) and the "fullness of the nations" to Ephraim (Genesis 48:19) should be observable in the modern world and even discernible by their DNA.
If the divine promises of multitudes can be seen manifest in the modern world, then the Promiser must have favored, protected, and sustained the birth rate variable of the exponential population growth equation, driving the increase of peoples descending from specific ancient persons (i.e. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and Ephraim) while allowing other peoples to be assimilated, supplanted, or completely eliminated (Deuteronomy 33:17). See Noah and Exponential Population Growth and the Genghis Khan Effect.
- If the 1st Century account of Josephus is accurate regarding the Ten Tribes of Israel having grown to an immense multitude east of the Euphrates River in the Caucasus and Central Asia regions (nearly 800 years after the Assyrian dispersion and captivity), then large portions of their population should have been represented by Parthian-Indo-Saka-Scythic peoples who just so happened to be the dominant population east of the Euphrates at that time (not including the subjugated Persian and Mede population).
- If Josephus was not referring to the Saka-Parthian population as being Israelite in nature, we must then consider other possibilities... of which none have been proposed or suggested to this author in any compelling format. If he wasn't referring to Parthia, it would seem apparent that Josephus would speak more specific about the actual people representing the ten tribes of Israel, noting all of his readers' certain confusion with his statement's implication of Parthia. Even so, he doesn't clarify his statement. He speaks vaguely yet unmistakably and unafraid of the ramifications, which were surely many considering his Roman employment and the Roman animosity toward the only great "other" in the world (that is, the formidable Parthian Empire).
- If we can trace modern ethnic groups (using solid traditional and historical evidence) back to Parthian-Indo-Saka-Scythic peoples, we should then be able to test and compare the haplogroup frequencies within those specific ethnic groups in order to determine Israelite, or more specifically, Ephraimite Y-chromosomal haplogroups. Furthermore, we should then be able to transpose those findings onto closely related populations with the same or similar haplogroup frequencies who may not have solid historical connections (or may only have speculative connections) to Parthian-Indo-Saka-Scythic peoples, hence confirming their shared Israelitish origins.
If the Great Migration Period (starting in the 3rd Century CE and continuing in earnest for several hundred years) carried the descendants of variously related Parthian and Scythian clans into what has become European and Russian nation-states, then Israelite descendants should be found partially or wholly representative in genetically discernible populations of all parts of Europe and Russia, as well as in many populations left behind in the Caucasus and Central Asian regions where Josephus indicated they first grew to be an innumerable multitude. The population frequencies of Y-Haplogroups R, Q, and N seem to confirm the above possibilities (click on the migration map to enlarge it).
- If the Great Migration Period was ignited partially by rapidly expanding human populations in the Caucasus region and Central Asia, we may have reason to believe such expansion was due in whole or in part to the exponential population growth of the Israelite populations evidentially present in those locations for the previous 900 years (albeit, not known by the name "Israel"). The Prophet Hosea indicates Northern Kingdom Israelites would become as numerous as the "sand on the sea shore" after their captivity where they ceased to be "a people" (Hosea 1:9-11).
If the Roman wars with Parthia and her Saka-Scythian allies helped bring the demise of the Parthian Empire leading up to the 3rd Century CE, then it may explain some of the hostilities toward Rome by peoples migrating from out of lands near and/or in former Parthian or Parthian-friendly territory within the same century of that specific demise (i.e. the Vandals, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths). Of course, climate pressures and population growth pressures (most notably the aggressive Hunic migration) were likely the greater culprits of the explosive and cascading human migratory period into Europe. Note: some Greek historians believed the Hun were also of Scythic-stock or Royal Scythians.
- The Southern Israelite kingdom of Judah has continued as "Jewish" in all their dispersions. They are unmistakably remembered as Israelites. But if the words of the Prophet Hosea are accurate regarding the Northern Kingdom Israelite tribes becoming "not a people" (Hosea 1:9-11), then they should be expected to no longer be known by the name "Israel" in their separate dispersion.
- If Israelites settled with Phoenicians (by way of the Mediterranean Sea) in Punic Iberia (Spain), Hibernia (Ireland), and Britannia (England) before and after the reigns of King David and Solomon (1037-931 BC), then we should expect the y-Chromosome founders of those populations to resemble suspected Israelite Scythian-related peoples migrating into Europe by way of the European mainland hundreds and many hundreds of years later (alluding most notably to y-Haplogroup R and subclades which make up the bulk of the European male population).
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Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Comparison Chart
In time, the chart below will have more data and comparison ability. Corrections and additions are being added regularly (Last updated: 5/24/08).
Notation: "Hg" is short for "Haplogroup" (What is a Haplogroup?). "CMH" is short for "Cohen Modal Haplotype". "SOE" is short for "Saka-Scythic Origin Evidence".
| Joseph and his Companions??? (Ezekiel 37:16) | |||||||||
| Nation/People | Hg.R | Hg.Q | Hg.N | Hg.G | Hg.I | Hg.J | CMH | Hg.E | SOE |
| Abkhazians | 33%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | 0% | 33% | 25% | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Azerbaijanis | 11%(R1b)/7%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Georgians | 14%(R1b)/8%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | 31% | ~ | ~ | ~ | 0% | strong |
| Ishkashimi | 68%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Tajiks | 64%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Altaians (N) | 6%(R1b)/38%(R1a) | ~ | 10% | 0% | 0% | 2% | ~ | 0% | strong |
| Altaians (S) | 1%(R1b)/53%(R1a) | ~ | 11% | ~ | 2% | 4% | ~ | 1% | strong |
| Kyrgyz | 63%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Kazakhs | 6%(R1b)/4%(R1a) | ~ | 2% | ~ | 0% | 0% | ~ | 0% | strong |
| Chuvashes | 4%(R1b)/32%(R1a) | ~ | 28% | ~ | 11% | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Ossetians | 43%(R1b)/2%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | <55% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Tatars | 9%(R1b)/34%(R1a) | ~ | 23% | ~ | 4% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Turks | 16%(R1b)/7%(R1a) | ~ | 4% | 11% | 5% | 33% | ~ | 11% | ~ |
| Turkmens | 37%(R1b)/7%(R1a) | 12% | 9% | ~ | 0% | 24% | ~ | 0% | strong |
| Uzbekistan | ~ | 12% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Kets | ~ | 95% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Selkups | ~ | 70% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Nation/People | Hg.R | Hg.Q | Hg.N | Hg.G | Hg.I | Hg.J | CMH | Hg.E | SOE |
| Evenks | ~ | ~ | 24%(N2) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Khakassians | ~ | ~ | 34%(N2) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Buryats | ~ | ~ | 18%(N3a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Koryaks | ~ | ~ | 25%(N3a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Sakha (Yakuts) | ~ | ~ | 80%(N3a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Tofalars | ~ | ~ | 27%(N3a)/43%(N2) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Shors | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Mongols | ~ | 4% | 8% | 1% | ~ | 3% | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Hazara | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Pashtun | 4%(R1b)/45%(R1a) | ~ | 0% | 11% | 0% | 6% | ~ | 2% | strong |
| Kashmiri | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Brahman | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Nation/People | Hg.R | Hg.Q | Hg.N | Hg.G | Hg.I | Hg.J | CMH | Hg.E | SOE |
| Macedon. Romani | 2%(R1b)/2%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 3% | 2% | ~ | 30% | ~ |
| Macedonians | 5%(R1b)/15%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 29% | 6% | ~ | 24% | ~ |
| Romanians | 18%(R1b)/20%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 22% | ~ | ~ | 21% | ~ |
| Poles | 16%(R1b)/56%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 18% | 1% | ~ | 4% | strong |
| Germans | 48%(R1b)/8%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 0% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Sorbs | 64%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Serbs | 11%(R1b)/16%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 29% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Hungarians | 13%(R1b)/20%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 23% | 2% | ~ | 9% | strong |
| Russians | 7%(R1b)/47%(R1a) | ~ | 11%(N3a)/.2%(N2) | ~ | 20% | 4% | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Ukrainians | 2%(R1b)/54%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 22% | ~ | ~ | ~ | strong |
| Saami | 4%(R1b)/11%(R1a) | ~ | 47% | ~ | 31% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Finns | 2%(R1b)/10%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 2% | ~ |
| Norwegians | 26%(R1b)/18%(R1a) | 4% | ~ | ~ | 40% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Swedes | 20%(R1b)/17%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 40% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Swedes (N) | 23%(R1b)/19%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 26% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Danes | 42%(R1b)/17%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 39% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Dutch | 70%(R1b)/4%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 27% | 0% | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Netherlands | 70%(R1) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Nation/People | Hg.R | Hg.Q | Hg.N | Hg.G | Hg.I | Hg.J | CMH | Hg.E | SOE |
| Icelanders | 41%(R1b)/24%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Orcadians | 66%(R1b)/20%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 0% | ~ |
| English | 90%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | mild |
| English (SE) | 70%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | mild |
| Irish | 81%(R1b)/.5%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Irish (NW) | 98%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Welsh | 89%(R1b)/1%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 8% | ~ | ~ | ~ | mild |
| Scots | 77%(R1b)/7%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 11% | ~ | ~ | ~ | mild |
| Swiss | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 8% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Italians | 62%(R1b)/3%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | 10% | 8% | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Italians (Apulia) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 3% | 3% | ~ | 12% | ~ |
| Italians (Calabria) | 32%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 5% | 2% | ~ | 16% | ~ |
| Italians (N.Ctrl) | 62%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | .5% | 10% | ~ | 10% | ~ |
| Italians (Sardinia) | 22%(R1b) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 42% | 12% | ~ | 5% | ~ |
| Italians (Sicily) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 9% | 0% | ~ | 14% | ~ |
| Italians (S) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 11% | ~ |
| French | 52%(R1b)/0%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 17% | ~ | ~ | 5% | ~ |
| Spanish | 68%(R1b)/2%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Andalusians | 65%(R1b)/0%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 4% | 1% | ~ | 3% | ~ |
| Portuguese (N) | 62%(R1b)/0%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Portuguese (S) | 56%(R1b)/2%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Judah and his Companions (Ezekiel 37:16) | |||||||||
| Nation/People | Hg.R | Hg.Q | Hg.N | Hg.G | Hg.I | Hg.J | CMH | Hg.E | SOE |
| Askenazi Cohanim | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 87% | 45% | ~ | n/a |
| Separdic Cohanim | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 75% | 56% | ~ | n/a |
| Askenazi Jews | 10%(R1b)/12%(R1a) | ~ | ~ | ~ | 4% | 37% | 13% | ~ | n/a |
| Sephardic Jews | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 37% | 10% | ~ | n/a |
| Kurdish Jews | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | n/a |
| Yemeni Jews | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | n/a |
| Lemba | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | <10% | ~ | n/a |
Sources:
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups - Wikipedia
- Y-Chromosomal Aaron - Wikipedia
- Y-DNA Papers - FamilyTreeDNA
Random Questions and Difficulties
- The Ishmael / Esau (Arab) Question: Both had the Y-DNA of Abraham (as did Jacob). What are the Y-DNA frequencies of those who consider themselves to be "Arab"? Could the ancient and continued presence of the once captive Kingdom of Judah within Babylonia skew the understanding of the current haplogroup frequency in the Middle East? In other words, could there be Y-DNA descendants of the ancient Jewish Kingdom (Judah, Benjamin, and Levi) in modern day Iraq who consider themselves Arab?
- Some anti-Semitic/anti-Jewish scholars link the Ashkenazi Jewish population to Khazaria and thus deduce the Ashkenazis are not "truly" Jewish or Hebrew. Questions to consider: Many Khazarians converted to Judaism between the 7th and 10th centuries. Is it possible that they (the Converts) themselves were Israelites from the Assyrian Captivity, who took on a Jewish (Judah) identity? What is the Haplo frequencies of Ashkenazi Jews?
- Some think the Turks are descended from Esau. Kurds have legends of being Israelite from the Assyrian captivity. But what is the Y-DNA frequency of Kurdish and Turkish populations?